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To insist – insister – pas toujours des synonymes

Le présent billet a été rédigé par Jonathan Goldberg et traduit de l’anglais par René Meertens, dont le blog est http://vieduguide.blogspot.com.

Le verbe anglais « to insist » peut avoir le même sens que le verbe français «insister», mais ce n’est pas toujours le cas. Quand on utilise l’expression «insister sur», par exemple dans la phrase «  Sarkozy et  Brown ont insisté sur le danger du protectionnisme », il n’est pas acceptable de traduire en anglais le verbe de cette phrase par «  insisted ». On pourrait traduire cette dernière par «Sarkozy and Brown stressed the danger of protectionism » En revanche, dans la phrase « He insisted on paying for the meal, despite her resistance », le verbe français  « insister » pourrait être utilisé pour exprimer la même idée : « Il a insisté pour payer l’addition, malgré les objections qu’elle formulait ». 

L’American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language définit comme suit les sens transitif et intransitif de « to insist » :

v.intr.
To be firm in a demand or course; refuse to yield: e.g. He insisted on giving me a second helping.
v.tr.
To assert or demand (something) vehemently and persistently: e.g. We insist that you accept these gifts.

Dans les deux cas, il y a un élément de résolution ou de fermeté, et un refus d’accepter une réponse négative.

Le Collins English Dictionary présente une définition supplémentaire de « to insist » : to express a convinced belief (in) or assertion (of): e.g. He insisted that she was mad.
Cet usage, moins courant que ceux qui sont mentionnés plus haut, est peut-être plus proche de l’utilisation, en français, de l’expression « insister sur » [tel ou tel fait], car il indique une opinion dont on est convaincu de la justesse.

Il convient de mentionner deux verbes anglais moins connus et rarement utilisés dans le langage parlé :

« to importune » (qui ne signifie pas exactement « importuner », généralement synonyme de « déranger »). L’American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language définit « to importune » comme suit : « To beset with insistent or repeated requests; entreat pressingly » ;

« to entreat » (« supplier » en français), que le Collins English Dictionary définit comme suit: « 1. to ask (a person) earnestly; beg or plead with; implore 2. to make an earnest request or petition for (something) ».

De même que le verbe  «to  insist », ces deux verbes, « to importune » et « to entreat », comportent un important élément de persistance. Cependant, alors que « to insist » exprime une demande formulée avec force et indique, dans l’exemple du Collins reproduit ci-dessus, une affirmation qui ne souffre aucune contradiction, en revanche « to importune » et « to entreat », tout comme des demandes moins péremptoires, invitent la personne désignée par le complément d’objet direct à donner son consentement.

Au lieu de « to entreat », il est plus courant de recourir au verbe « to implore », dont la traduction la plus appropriée en français est également « supplier ».

Les lecteurs sont invités à laisser leurs commentaires.


Vernissage – note linguistique

Le Los Angeles Times a publié un article consacré à l’une des « case study houses » (maisons fonctionnelles et économiques) du célèbre architecte Pierre Koenig, située à Hollywood (à trois minutes de chez moi) et propriété d’un collectionneur d’art qui préfère garder l’anonymat.

La
Cet article, qui mentionne que des tableaux coréens y sont exposés, contient la phrase suivante : « At the vernissage last month, VIPs rubbed elbows… » (Le mois dernier, le vernissage a rassemblé des personnalités connues…)

Le mot français vernissage, repris tel quel en anglais, a une étymologie intéressante : il est formé à partir de vernis, qui lui même provient de Berenik, le nom d’une ancienne ville de Cyrénaïque (région d'Afrique du Nord), dans laquelle des résines naturelles furent pour la première fois utilisées comme vernis. 

L’une des définitions du mot vernissage qui figurent dans le Collins English Dictionary est « varnishing day », expression qui désigne le jour où un artiste peut vernir ou retoucher ses tableaux, avant l’ouverture d’une exposition.

Dans son article sur la maison conçue par l'architecte Pierre Koenig,  le journaliste du Los Angeles Times voulait-il dire que des ouvriers étaient encore en train de vernir des surfaces en bois dans la maison où les personnalités connues s’étaient rassemblées ? Non, il utilisait le mot vernissage dans un autre sens : 

a private showing held before the opening of an art exhibition (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language) (présentation privée de tableaux avant l’ouverture d’une exposition) ; 

a preview or the opening or first day of an exhibition of paintings (Collins English Dictionary) (présentation en avant-première de tableaux, ouverture ou premier jour d’une exposition de tableaux).

La première définition et les deux  dernières semblent bien différentes mais il existe un lien entre elles, car il était un temps où le vernissage avait lieu la veille de l’ouverture officielle d’une exposition de toiles, ce qui permettait aux artistes de les vernir ou de les retoucher. Par la suite, le mot prit un sens plus large et désigna le premier jour d’exposition des tableaux, qu’il s’agisse d’une avant-première ou de l’ouverture de l’exposition.

Non loin de la maison conçue par Pierre Koenig se trouve le Hollywood Bowl, où l’Orchestre philharmonique de Los Angeles, placé sous la direction de Gustavo Dudamel, donnera un concert cet été. A n’en pas douter, ceux qui pourront y assister seront… vernis. 

 Redigé par Jonathan Goldberg, traduit par René Marteens (http://vieduguide.blogspot.com)

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Laura
Vallet

L’éloquence de David Cameron

Son premier discours à la suite des  élections britanniques

(Nos lecteurs sont invités à proposer des traductions de
mots notés en
caractères gras dans le texte suivant.)

"At yesterday's General
Election the Conservative Party gained more seats than at any election for
the last 80 years.

"I'm incredibly proud, not
only of the strong result that we achieved, but of the strong and positive
campaign that we fought.

"We campaigned for hope, not
fear, and people responded to that, giving us two million more votes than
Labour[1].

"We campaigned for change,
not more of the same, and people responded to that, giving us a higher share
of the vote than Labour achieved at the last election when they won a
majority of 60.

"There are many great new
Conservative Members of Parliament who will be coming to the House of
Commons, and I am very proud this will be a new, modern Conservative Party in
Parliament.

"I know it will make a huge
difference to our politics.

"To all those Conservative
Party supporters, members and activists who fought so hard, not just in the
last few weeks, but in the last few years, I want to say a huge thank you,
and to remind you how proud you can be of the result – a bigger increase in
seats than even Margaret Thatcher achieved in 1979, the worst loss of seats
for Labour than at any General election since 1931, and a share of the vote
not far off what Michael Foot got in 1983.

"But however much pride we
can take in that enormous advance, we have to accept that we fell short of
an overall majority.

"As I said last night,
Britain needs strong, stable decisive government and it is in the national
interest that we get that on a secure basis.

"We are at war in Afghanistan
with our troops putting their lives at risk for us every day.

"We are facing a financial
and economic situation of great seriousness as a result of our dangerous
debts and our deficit.

"We need a government that
reassures the international markets, we need policies that will bring
economic recovery, and we need a government that understands that great
change is needed in order to restore faith in our political system.

"Britain voted for change
yesterday, but it also voted for a new politics, it did not vote for party
political bickering, grandstanding and point-scoring.

"Our country's problems are
too serious, they are too urgent for that. So we must all rise to this
occasion, we must show leadership.

"We must sort things out
as quickly as possible for the good of the country.

"Nick Clegg has said that
because the Conservative Party won the most votes and the most seats in this
election we should have the chance to form a government and I thank him for
that.

"So we will now begin talks
with other parties to see how that can be done. One option would be to give
other parties reassurances about certain policy areas and then seek their
agreement to allow a minority Conservative government to continue in office
without the country constantly facing the threat of its government falling.

"This is what is known as a confidence
and supply arrangement.

"It has been done before and,
yes, we can try to do it again. But I am prepared to consider alternative
options.

"It may be possible to have
stronger, more stable, more collaborative government than that.

"There is a case for going
further than an arrangement which simply keeps a minority Conservative
government in office.

"So I want to make a big,
open and comprehensive offer to the Liberal Democrats.

"I want us to work together
in tackling our country's big and urgent problems, the debt crisis, our deep
social problems, and our broken political system.

"Let me explain my thinking.
First, it is right and reasonable to acknowledge that of course there are
policy disagreements between us, many of which were highlighted in those
television debates.

"To fellow Conservatives who
have fought and campaigned and worked so hard to achieve the massive advance
we have made in this campaign, I want to make it clear that I do not believe
any government should give more powers to the European Union.

"I do not believe that any
government can be weak or soft on the issue of immigration which needs to be
controlled properly, and the country's defences[2]
must be kept strong.

"I also believe that on the
basis of the election result that we achieved, it is reasonable to expect
that the bulk of the policies in our manifesto should be implemented.

"But across our two
manifestos, there are many areas of common ground and there are areas
I believe that we in the Conservative Party can give ground, both in the
national interest and in the interest of forging an open and trusting
partnership.

"We share a strong desire to
make opportunity more equal in this country, and I recognise[3] the high priority that the Liberal
Democrats have given to the proposal for a pupil premium in our
schools.

We agree with this idea, it is in
our manifesto too, and I am sure we can develop a common approach that
recognises the urgency that the Liberal Democrats have attached to this
proposal.

"The Liberal Democrats in
their manifesto have made the achievement of a low carbon economy an
absolute priority and we support this aim. I am sure that we can agree a
common plan to achieve it.

"The Liberal Democrats have
also made proposals to reform our tax system. We both agree that Labour's jobs
tax
, as the Liberal Democrat's manifesto puts it, is a damaging tax on
jobs and we would seek to reverse it. It has always been an aspiration of the
Conservative Party to reduce taxes, especially on those who earn the least.
And we are happy to give this aim a much higher priority and work together to
determine how it can be afforded.

"We share a common
commitment
to civil liberties and to getting rid immediately of Labour's ID
card scheme.

"On our political system, we
agree with the Liberal Democrats that reform is urgently needed to help
restore trust
and that reform must include the electoral system.

"The Liberal Democrats have
their ideas, we have our ideas, for example that all seats should be of equal
size, so that votes can have an equal value in a first-past-the-post system,
and other parties have constructive proposals to put forward as well.

"So I believe we will need an
all-party committee of inquiry on political and electoral reform.

"So I think we have a strong
basis for a strong government. Inevitably the negotiations we are about to
start will involve compromise – that is what working together in the national
interest means.

"But no Government will be in
the national interest unless it deals with the biggest threat to our national
interest and that is the deficit. We remain completely convinced that
starting to deal with the deficit this year is essential.

"This has been more than
confirmed by recent events in other European countries, recent instability in
the markets, and recent conversations that we have had with both the Treasury
and the Bank of England.

"The national interest is
clear – the world is looking to Britain for decisive action. The new
government must grip this deficit and prevent the economic catastrophe that
would result by putting off the difficult and the urgent action that needs to
be taken.

"So our big, open and
comprehensive offer to the Liberal Democrats involves helping them to
implement key planks of their election manifesto, providing the country with
economic, as well as political stability and finding further ways in which
Liberal Democrats can be involved in making this happen

"The outgoing government has
left this country with terrible problems, an economic and financial crisis,
deep social problems, a political system in which people, too many people,
have lost faith.

"The new government will face
the worst inheritance of any incoming government for at least 60 years.

"That is exactly why it's so
important we have strong, stable government that lasts – a strong stable
government that has the support of the public to take the difficult decisions
that are needed if we're going to put this country back on the right track
for a stronger future.

"There is one further point I
want to make. I believe that it's not just important for this country to have
strong and stable government, it's important that we get that strong and
stable government quickly.

"So I hope we can reach
agreement quickly on the big, open and comprehensive offer that I've outlined
today. As I've argued in this General Election campaign, this is a great
country hut we could be doing so much better.

"We don't have to settle for
the debt and the waste and the taxes left to us by Labour. We can put behind
us the economic problems, the social breakdown, the political division and
the distrust that are the poisonous legacy of 13 years of Labour misrule.

"Of course I hoped that a
Conservative majority would be the outcome of this election and that we could
have started today making the changes that I believe our country so badly
needs.

"I know how much the
Conservative party itself and all my colleagues in Parliament and all the
loyal members and activists around the country wanted that too – but I also
know they wanted something more than that.

"They want the best for
Britain. The Conservative party has always been a party that puts the
national interest first.

"And the best thing – the
national interest thing – the best thing for Britain now is a new government
that works together in that national interest and I hope with all my heart
that is something that we can achieve.

"That
is all I have to say for now – I hope you will understand that I won't be
taking questions but this urgent work must begin."

 [1] ecriture en anglais américain: Labor

[2] écriture en anglais américain: defense

[3] écriture en anglais américain: recognizes



David
Cameron : la lumière blairiste et l'ombre thatchérienne, par Philippe Marlière

Lire l'article

Note linguistique : «  En rhétorique,
l’
éloquence est l'aptitude à s'exprimer avec aisance, capacité
d'émouvoir, de persuader par la parole. » (Wikipedia)

Citations :

Tout penseur qui voudra devenir orateur, tout homme d’esprit
et de cœur qui voudra se faire éloquent et être éloquent, remuer les masses,
dominer les assemblées, avec sa parole, n’aura qu’à passer de la région des
idées dans le domaine des lieux communs

Victor Hugo
Extrait de Carnets intimes
 

 

 

La vraie éloquence se moque de l'éloquence.                                      

Blaise Pascal                                                                                       

 

 

L'homme le plus simple qui a de la passion persuade
mieux que le plus éloquent qui n'en a point.
         

François de La Rochefoucauld  
Extrait de Maximes
 
Maximes de La Rochefoucauld                                                                           

 

La parole est un fruit dont l'écorce s'appelle bavardage,
la chair éloquence, et le noyau bon
sens
.

Tierno Bokar

Jonathan Goldberg


The Results of the British Elections

A HUNG PARLIAMENT


A
linguistic note on to hang and to hung, being hanged and being hung:

The verb “to hang” has two past participle forms: hung and hanged. “Hung” is used for any object, (e.g. a
picture that is hung on a wall) or for a jury or parliament that is hung
(divided), whereas “hanged” is used
in relation to a person who is executed by hanging.

Man-hanging                   
Hanging-Wallpaper-toutX

                       A man being hanged                                                        A picture being hung

hung vb

(Linguistics / Phonetics &
Phonology) the past tense and past participle of hang (except in the
sense of to execute or in the idiom I'll be hanged.)

 

adj

1. (Government, Politics
& Diplomacy
)

a.  (of a legislative assembly) not having a party with a working
majority a hung parliament

b.  unable to reach a decision a
hung jury

c.  (of a situation) unable to be resolved

 

hung over Informal suffering from the
effects of a hangover

 

hung up Slang

a.  impeded by some difficulty or delay

b.  in a state of confusion; emotionally disturbed

 

hung up on Slang obsessively or
exclusively interested in he's hung up on modern art these days

Collins
English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged
1991, 1994, 1998, 2000,
2003

to hang out

  1. Protrude downward, as in The
    dog's tongue was hanging out, or The branches hung out over the driveway.
    [c. 1400]
  2. Display a flag or sign of some
    kind, as in They hung out the flag on every holiday. [Mid-1500s]
  3. Reside, live, as in I've found
    a place downtown, and I'll be hanging out there beginning next week. [c.
    1800]
  4. Spend one's free time in; also,
    loiter, pass time idly. For example, They hung out around the pool parlor,
    or They spent the evening just hanging out. [Slang; mid-1900s]
  5. To hang out with. Keep company with, appear in
    public with, as in She's hanging out with her ex-boyfriend again. [Slang;
    second half of 1900s] Also see the subsequent idioms beginning with hang
    out
    ; let it
    all hang out
    .

 

Phrasal
Verbs:

 

hang back

To be averse; hold back.

hang in Informal

To persevere: decided to hang in
despite his illness.

hang off

To hold back; be averse.

hang on

1. To cling tightly to something.

2. To continue persistently; persevere.

3. To keep a telephone connection open.

4. To wait for a short period of time.

hang together

1. To stand united; stick together: "We must all hang
together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately" (Benjamin Franklin).

2. To constitute a coherent totality: diverse plot lines that
did not hang together.

hang up

1. To suspend on a hook or hanger.

2.

a. To replace (a telephone receiver) on its base or cradle.

b. To end a telephone conversation.

3.

a. To delay or impede; hinder: Budget problems hung up the
project for months.

b. To become halted or snagged: The fishing line hung up on a
rock.

c. Informal
To have or cause to have emotional difficulties or inhibitions.

 

Idioms:

 

give/care a hang

To be concerned or anxious: I don't
give a hang what you do.

hang fire

1. To delay: "They are people who hung fire even through
the bloody days of the Hungarian Revolution" (Mark Muro).

2. To be slow in firing, as a gun.

hang in there Informal

To persevere despite difficulties;
persist: She hung in there despite pressure to resign.

hang it up Informal

To give up; quit.

hang loose Slang

To stay calm or relaxed.

hang (one's) hat

To settle oneself; take up
residence: hung my hat in Chicago.

hang on to

To hold firmly; keep fast: Hang on
to your money.

hang tough Informal

To remain firmly resolved: "We
are going to hang tough on this" (Donald T. Regan).

let it all hang out Slang

1. To be completely relaxed.

2. To be completely candid.

 

hanged v. Past tense and past participle of hang.

The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin
Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.

A
cliffhanger or cliffhanger ending is a plot device in
which a movie, novel, or other work
of fiction contains an abrupt ending, often leaving the main characters in a
precarious or difficult situation, or with a sudden shock revelation. This type
of ending is used to ensure that, if a next installment is made, audiences will
return to find out how the cliffhanger is resolved. The phrase comes from the
classical end-of-episode situation in silent film days, with the protagonist
left hanging from the edge of a cliff. Some serials end with the caveat
"To be continued", or "The End. In television
series, the following episode usually begins with a recap (AKA a "previously").
Hanged, drawn and quartered.

Source: Wikipedia

Proverbs with “hang”:

.He
that is born to be hanged shall never be drowned.

Romanian
Proverb


Save a thief from the gallows and he will help to hang you.

Romanian
Proverb


Never mention rope in the house of a man who has been hanged.

Romanian
Proverb

 

He
that killeth a man when he is drunk must be hanged when he is sober.

Romanian
Proverb


If you would not live to be old, you must be hanged when you are young.

Romanian
Proverb

What
good is a golden gallows if they are going to hang you.

Swiss
Proverb


The man dying to hang himself can always find a noose.
Afghan proverb                                  

Caution & précaution – les nuances en anglais et francais

 

Le mot « caution » en anglais provient des mêmes racines que le mot «caution» en français, et les deux ont la même origine latine, mais cela fait des siècles, d’après mes sources, qu’ils ont des sens tout à fait différents. Le substantif «caution» en français se traduit en anglais par « guarantee », ex. caution bancaire, par « deposit » quand il s’agit d’un versement sur un compte bancaire et aussi par « bail » quand on parle d'une somme d’argent qu’une personne en état d’arrestation paie pour se faire libérer jusqu'à son procès. (En anglais ce dernier paiement s’appelle « bail », ce qui n’a rien à voir avec loyer en français.)

Donc, « caution » en anglais, qui n’a rien à voir avec le même mot en français (sauf peut-être dans un sens qui apparemment ne s’emploie presque plus de nos jours) se traduit en français par « précaution ».

Le dictionnaire numérique de TV Monde définit « précaution » comme suit : Disposition prise d'avance pour éviter un mal. Circonspection, ménagement.

Pour compliquer les choses, on doit noter que le mot « precaution » existe aussi en anglais (évidemment sans accent). Voici sa définition dans le dictionnaire numérique Merriam-Webster :

1 : care taken in advance ; foresight, e.g. warned of the need for precaution
2 : a measure taken beforehand to prevent harm or secure good, safeguard, e.g. take the necessary precautions

Dans le premier sens noté ci-dessus, je ne vois pas de différence entre les substantifs anglais « caution » et « précaution », sauf que le préfixe « pré » insiste plutôt sur un temps préalable. A mon avis, la seconde définition est celle qui est le plus en usage. Le mot a plutôt le sens d’une mesure spécifique que l’on prend, (ex. « I took the precaution of informing my boss. »), alors que « caution » comme substantif anglais signifie en général une méthode de faire des choses, ex. He approached the subject with caution.

Attention : ces nuances ne s’appliquent pas au verbe « to caution », qui veut dire plutôt « prévenir » ou « avertir ». Le verbe « to precaution » n’existe pas en anglais, à ma connaissance. De même, l’adjectif anglais « cautionary » peut provoquer toute une analyse supplémentaire.

Les substantifs anglais « caution » et « precaution » s’emploient dans certaines expressions très spécifiques ou idiomatiques :

« out of an abundance of caution ». Cette expression doit son origine au domaine bancaire, où une banque qui prête de l’argent exige parfois des cautions (dans le sens français du mot) sinon excessives, du moins très prudentes, ce qu’il fait « out of an abundance of caution » (ce dernier mot dans le sens anglais), c'est-à-dire avec la plus grande précaution. De là, l’expression « out of an abundance of caution » est passée au domaine juridique (où les avocats et notaires sont aussi prudents), et au domaine médical, où on reproche parfois aux médecins de faire des tests superflus sur leurs patients afin de ne pas rater une maladie qui n’a pas été diagnostiquée.

Cette expression est devenue momentanément populaire il y a un an, quand Obama a été investi dans ses fonctions de président des Etats-Unis. Le Président de la Cour Suprême (« the Chief Justice ») a mutilé le serment qu’il a fait prêter au Président:

Théoriquement cela pouvait susciter une contestation juridique de la légitimité du statut constitutionnel du Président. Le Président Obama a annoncé le jour même qu’il invitait le Président de la Cour Suprême à la Maison Blanche pour lui faire prêter serment encore une fois « out of an abundance of caution », c’est-a-dire par précaution « en abondance ».

Cette expression tire son origine du droit romain, qui a créé l'expression ex abundante cautela, qui est reprise telle quelle dans une décision d'un tribunal canadien, dont voici un extrait :

Ce qu’on a voulu obtenir en ajoutant les mots cités n’est pas tout à fait clair. Ils ont peut-être été ajoutés ex abundante cautela, pour avoir plus de détails dans les descriptions, mais ils semblent presque redondants, si on les rapproche du par. 36(2) et de la définition d’« invention ».

Pour revenir à la langue anglaise, une expression similaire peut être mentionnée : « to err on the side of caution ». Elle indique qu’on préfère se tromper par un excès de précaution que de faire une faute.

Finalement, on peut mentionner le « Principe de Précaution » (« Precautionary Principle » en anglais), qui se réfère au fait que « au cours de ces dernières années, un nombre croissant de documents a été publié qui reflètent la nouvelle culture politique, tenant compte de la prise de conscience actuelle dans le domaine de l’environnement ».

Les lecteurs sont invités à laisser leurs commentaires.

 

Attorney, Lawyer, Barrister, Solicitor and Notary (English)

 

(This article was originally published in its French version)

 

Barrister

In several languages, the words meaning “lawyer” are similar: in French "avocat/e", in Portuguese “advogado", in Dutch “advocaat“, in Italian "avvocato"“, in Spanish “abogado/a", in Russian “адвока́т/ а”. In France avocats were formerly an organized body of pleaders, while the preparation of cases was done by avoués. Today this distinction exists only before the French appellate courts.

In the USA a person who practices Law is called a lawyer or an attorney. As a title, only the word “attorney”, not “lawyer” is used, e.g. “Attorney Smith” (in French “Maître Smith”). If the name is not specified, the word “counsel” is used, e.g. A judge addressing an attorney: “Counsel may speak to the defendant.”

In England, there are two kinds of lawyers:

1. Barristers (called “trial attorneys” in the USA). Barristers have two professional functions: to give legal opinions and to appear in Court to represent their clients. The word originates from the days when there was a wooden bar or railing in court which marked off the area where the judge sat and the lawyer had to stand next to the bar when pleading his case. The expression “to be called to the bar” is commonly used in England to denote someone who has become qualified to act as a barrister. Although the word barrister is not used in the USA, all lawyers in America have to be members of the “bar” and to register with the Bar Association in order to practice. (The Italian word barista, pronounced similarly to "barrister", denotes a person who pours drinks at a different kind of bar.)

2. Solicitors. They handle wills and conveyancing (the transfer of property) and generally perform other legal tasks at their offices. They are not allowed to appear in Court, except in certain cases conducted in the lowest (magistrates’) courts. The work of a solicitor is roughly equivalent to that of a French “notaire”. (In the USA notaries are not lawyers. A notary’s function is to authenticate signatures, a service for which he usually charges $10.)

The offices of a barrister are called “chambers”. A person working as an apprentice (stagiaire) with a barrister is called a “pupil”, and the apprenticeship is called “pupilage”; with a solicitor he/she is called an “articled clerk” or “trainee solicitor”.

In England no-one may practice both as a barrister and an attorney. The services of a barrister are never hired directly by the client. The client hires a solicitor and the solicitor chooses a barrister when there is need for a legal opinion or for an appearance in court.

In the USA the term solicitor has nothing to do with the practice of law. It means someone who solicits his clients, from Old French solliciter (note the double “l”). The photo below, taken in California, shows a warning sign directed at street vendors. In Britain that sign would be regarded as amusing and probably offensive to solicitors practicing law. However, the verb “to solicit” is commonly used in England outside of the legal profession. For many years, prostitutes in Britain were allowed to practice their trade, but the Law prohibited them from soliciting. Thus a prostitute could stand on a street corner as long as she took no action or made no movement to solicit clients. Soliciting in this sense is a crime. (“To approach or accost someone with an offer of sexual services” – American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language).

No_solicitors 

 

The legal profession in countries of the British Commonwealth is sometimes structured as in Britain, but there are various different models. In Canada, New Zealand and parts of Australia, for example, a lawyer may practice both as a barrister and solicitor. In the United States no such distinction exists.

The noun “advocate” (as well as the verb “to advocate") exists in English, but it is used to describe a person who defends a cause, not as the description of a profession (except in South African English), like "avocat/e", "advogado", "avvocato", “abogado/a" or "адвока́т/а". It derives from Latin advocatus, from the past participle of advocare to summon, from ad- + vocare to call, from voc-, vox voice. Advocat came from Anglo-French and Middle English (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).

A "Devil’s Advocate" is one who presents an argument or advocates a cause, not out of commitment but merely for the sake of argument or to determine the validity of the cause or position. It derives from the Medieval Latin term advocātus diabolī (from the Latin diabolus), someone who would argue against the canonization or beatification of a saint. In Britain "The Devil's Advocate" is a regular column, with a cult following built up over the past few years appearing in several UK regional newspapers. The author, the mythical Barry Beelzebub, shares with us his wicked thoughts on the world today. For a video explanation of "Devil’s Advocate" for English learners, see:

 

Jonathan Goldberg

Lawyer Jokes:

Q: What's the difference between a good lawyer and a bad lawyer?

A: A bad lawyer can let a case drag out for several years. A good lawyer can make it last even longer.

Q: What’s the difference between a good lawyer and a great lawyer?

A: A good lawyer knows the law. A great lawyer knows the judge.

Q: What do you have when a lawyer is buried up to his neck in sand?

A: Not enough sand.

Q: How many personal injury attorneys does it take to change a light bulb?

A: Three lawyers: one to turn the bulb, one to shake him off the ladder, and the third to sue the ladder company.

Q: How can you tell when a lawyer is lying?

A: His lips are moving.

 

Jonathan Goldberg